Cancer Progression And Survival A Biobehavioral Approach.

Cancer Progression and Survival: A Biobehavioral Approach Multiple epidemiological and psychological studies have investigated the relationship between psychological factors and the progression of cancer. Lack of social support, trauma history, depression, and distress and the most commonly cited psychological processes when looking at cancer outcomes. A meta-analysis conducted by Pinquart and Duberstein (2010) examined the association between social support and cancer progression and found that higher levels of perceived social support, having a larger social network, and being married decreased the mortality rate by 25%, 20% and 12% respectively. In contrast studies done on depression, stress, and trauma have consistently found them to†¦show more content†¦Inflammation is facilitated by the tumor cells as well as tumor related macrophages, both of which are strong producers of inflammatory cytokines. Kiecolt-Glaser et al. (2003), showed that stress related factors promote the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Leukocytes p lay an important role in inflammation and patients assessed to have higher depressive symptoms were found to have greater leukocyte expression in genes mediating inflammation., oxidative stress, and immune activation. Inflammation is also known to central nervous system effects that may influence psychosocial abnormalities in a cancer patient. Depression had specifically been associated with higher IL-6 which is known to induce neuronegative reactions in the CNS. Psychological interventions have shown to varying reliability and magnitude on cancer patients. Significant effects have also been observed for cytokine outcomes in relation to increase in production. Antoni and colleagues (2011), demonstrated that stress management intervention during early stages of breast cancer produced changes in leukocyte gene expression. Specifically, down-regulation of genes that promote inflammatory and metastasis processes. Another study observed that in breast cancer patients who experienced a recurrent diagnosis and had a prior intervention had a reduced risk of death (Andersen et al., 2010). All of this shows the importance of determining the biobehavioral relationships in

An Analysis Of Gregory Mobley s The Return Of The Chaos

Chaos: the state of the universe before there was order and before stars and planets were formed (Merriam Webster). As defined, this state of disarray existed before existence of life itself was even possible. Hence, the chaos was a precursor for the opportunity of a higher being to take control of the universe. This is where the Old Testament comes into play-in the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. From that point on, the plot thickens as the characters battle to find order hidden amongst worldly turmoil. Throughout the Old Testament, each character struggled with the underlying issue of â€Å"making meaning from the chaos of experience, the human condition† (Mobley 2). However, many fail to realize that these people and plot twists of the biblical stories commonly reoccur time after time throughout history. In The Return of the Chaos Monsters- and other backstories of the Bible, Gregory Mobley exhibits how the 7 backstories have been strikingly similar to ot her infamous stories. His underlying theme of proving this connection between biblical stories and stories passed on since then was well supported by his method of close inspection of the text from peculiar perspectives. Overall, Mobley effectively conveys the duo of order and chaos in order to explain how the Old Testament functions as a storybook through the use of modern day examples and a conversational writing style that made the book enjoyable to read. At first, I was unfamiliar with a book title that

The Scramble for Africa in Late 19th Century to Early 20th Century. Free Essays

During the late 19th century and the early 20th century, European countries began their scramble for Africa which caused African to suffer from violence like wars, slavery and unfairness, but there was also a positive, peaceful and diplomatic consequences and events in Africa like fair trade system, new technology and the security given to Africans under European rule. An additional document written by an African commoner would help to further assess the African actions and reactions by telling what happened to them during that time period and their reaction towards that issue. European imperialism in Africa mainly caused violent acts and suffering to the African natives but there were positive event. We will write a custom essay sample on The Scramble for Africa in Late 19th Century to Early 20th Century. or any similar topic only for you Order Now Before European imperialisms, Africans lived their usual lives and attended their crops. However, during the imperialism, Africans had to attend European crops because they were treated like slaves and had to do the bearings for their colonizers (Doc. 4). There were also wars and rebellions against the Europeans to fight off their colonization deed because of the unfairness and suffering they had to endure. For example, machine guns, cannons and strategies and formation skills helped to efficiently kill people and cause suffering (Doc 5). Also the violence against Africans can’t be merely described in words, for Europeans took away their land and possessions. They burned their villages, killed and plundered and so their wickedness and injustice against the Africans were seen (Doc 9). A German officer said that the Africans had a magic medicine that would give them good harvest and invulnerability to Europeans. This would help them fight off the unfairness of slavery, under-wage labor, bulletproof ability and strength women and children from the hardships of war (Doc. 8). But by analyzing this document, we should take into account that this is written by a German officer. By interpreting this, we could see that the German officer is mocking the Africans for being superstitious and using petty medicines to fight off their supreme power. Because the Germans saw themselves as a powerful nation through strong military tactics and improved technology, they are making fun of the Africans for using this medicine to win over their rule. However, Africans had a strong sense of nationalism, especially women, like Yaa Asantewa. As queen she saw the cowardliness of the chiefs and gave them a long speech about the bravery of Ashanti is gone and if they aren’t willing to go forward and protect the country, the women will. They would hold arms against the Europeans until the last of them dies (Doc. ). Also chief Maherero wrote a letter to another chief in order to help persuade him to take arms against the Europeans, to fight rather than die from weakly disease or maltreatment, etc. (Doc 7). This shows that’s strong sense of nationalism within Africa. Even though there were mostly war and violence, the source of suffering in Africa, there were also peaceful and positive means in colonization. Africans and Europeans signed a contract calling for equal trade, fairness, bettering of the people, no war and not interfering with native laws and customs. Doc. 1) However, because of the contact between African and Europeans through wars and other forms of contact, improved technologies were brought to African through the Europeans (Doc. 5). For example, machine guns, cannons and strategies and formation skills helped influenced the warfare in Africa, like the Battle of Adowa, where Ethiopians fought against the Italians and won. Also, Prempeh I declined British’s offer to become one of its protectorates, however he wants to stay under peaceful terms with them and traditional at the same time (Doc 2). When analyzing this document, we should take into account that Prempeh I is the king. So by interpreting this document, we could conclude that because he’s the king of Ashanti, if he became part of British’s protectorate countries, he would lose his power as king. Because by declining, it benefitted him, he decline British’s offer. The Emperor of Ethiopia also declined to become a protectorate under the Europeans because God had protected them and would continue to protect them for God doesn’t want to divide up Ethiopia (Doc 3). He also stated that God would help aid them in recovering their lost lands to Muslims. With this, we could conclude that Ethiopians during that time period is very Christian and believed in God. Europeans countries began to their imperialisms in Africa during the late 19th century and the early 20th century, where they caused violence and suffering like rebellions, slavery and unfairness to the Africans, but there was also a positive, peaceful and diplomatic events in Africa like fair trade system, new technology and the security given to Africans under European rule. How to cite The Scramble for Africa in Late 19th Century to Early 20th Century., Essay examples

British Middle East Policy In The Late free essay sample

1930 Essay, Research Paper British Middle East Policy in the Late 1930 # 8217 ; s: Middle East was seen as the cardinal junction for the communicating of the British planetary imperium. The shortest sea connexion between Britain and India was through the Suez Canal, while the air and land paths connected Africa and Egypt to Palestine and the Middle East. This country was besides a major beginning of oil. Oil was to go one of the most utile chemical needed by the economic system of a state both in peace and most significantly for war. The British committedness to a Judaic National Home in Palestine, agreed upon in the Balfour Declaration of 1917, created a series of struggles for the British-Arab policy. This pledge to the Zionists, created a great rebellion by the Arabs both in Palestine and the adjacent states. It was evident that the British were losing control over this country. The Italian conquering of Abyssinia in 1935-1936 and the return over of Rhine land by Hitler in 1936 added to the evident disloca tion of British prestigiousness and power. The Arabs to the full cognizant of the British loss of high quality in the universe and specially Asia, added to their restlessness with British policy on Judaic in-migration made them believe once more about their dealingss with the British. The Arabs started to lose religion in Great Britain as their defender and their friend. They were forced to look the other manner for protection, to a state which besides sees Jews as a major job, and is willing to collaborate with the Arabs both economically and politically. This state was Germany. The British were on the brink of losing all control in the Middle East. By the late 1930 # 8217 ; s, the British in an effort to keep on the Arab-British relationship before the preceived 2nd universe war, change their policies in the Middle East ; and started to pitch their policy toward the Arabs and off from the Jews. Arabs relationship with the British long pre-dated World War I. It started towards the center of the 19th century. British involv ement blossomed into exhilaration over literary finds in Arab civilization, such as the 16 volumes of the Arabian Nights which were printed in Richard Burton # 8217 ; s interlingual rendition between 1885 and 1888. The Arab opposite number of these British sentiments was regard for the British establishments. During World War I, T.E. Lawrence, a British agent, met Sharif Hussein of Mecca, who was the caput of Arabs in the Moslem holy metropolis of Mecca, to come to an understanding. Great Britain sponsored the Arab rebellion against the Ottoman Empire in exchange for independency of Turkey # 8217 ; s Arab states. Sharif Hussein of Mecca agreed to assist the British in the war by assailing the Ottoman Empire, which was an allie of Germany in WWI. The British fought alongside Sharif of Mecca against the Ottoman Empire. Two people shared a great experience, but every bit far as the Arabs were concerned this was rapidly changed to bitter letdown. The British authorities # 8217 ; s pr omise of support for the independency of Turkey # 8217 ; s Arab states was categorically contradicted by a series of understandings concluded with its Alliess in the class of the war, which provided for the partitionaning of the Ottoman Empire into # 8220 ; domains of involvement # 8221 ; among Great Britain, France, Italy and Russia. Equally shortly as the British conquer and take over the land from the Turks, their relationship with the Arabs alterations automatically. The Arabs saw that their helpmeet in crushing the Turks turned into a police officers in Iraq and Palestine and assisted the Gallic to make the same in the Levant States. So from the Arab point of position, the country alternatively of going liberated and free, remained in bondage under another swayer. The Arab leaders were highly dissatisfied since they expected more from the British. The British, still interested in maintaining the relationship with the Arabs, puts one of Sharif # 8217 ; s boy Feisal as the sw ayer of Iraq and another one, Abdulah, as the swayer of Trans-Jordan. Meanwhile Sharif himself loses his throne to Ibn Saud in 1924-1925. The Anglo-Arab connexions survived through Sharif # 8217 ; s boy, but virtually all the friends of Britain belonged to a individual coevals, and coevalss die out. A new coevals was created and bred in the convulsion of the Young Turk revolution. Some immature people were adrift because their households had lost their tradition values and tenet and an constituted form of behaviour. They had to look for new roots to follow. New spiritual motions such as the Moslem Brotherhood ( founded in Egypt in 1928 ) did non adequately reply the demands of this new coevals. Moslem Brotherhood wanted to reconstruct the yesteryear, whereas most immature work forces wanted to look frontward. These immature work forces were ready to set faith off in exchange for the Western theoretical account of lifestyle and civilization. They wanted to bask freedom and democracy for themselves, but the prima strings were held by the foreign wise mans. The turning involvement of the younger coevals in public activities created a figure of organisations. They included societal and political associations, athleticss nines and young person motions. Two groups that emerged from that background had the greatest on the hereafter armed battles: their veterans to go the anchor of the 1936-1939 rebellions. They were Izz al-Din al-Qassam # 8217 ; s # 8216 ; Black Hand # 8217 ; and Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni # 8217 ; s Al-Jihad Al Muqaddas ( The Sacred Holy War ) . Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni was from most distinguished Arab household in Palestine. His male parent, Haj Amin Al Husseini, was the city manager of Jerusalem and the president of PAE ( the leader of the Palestinian national motion ) . Abd al-Qadir lay the foundation for a rebellion. He gathered the immature villagers with the spirit of the holy war ( Jihad ) , organized them in secret cells raised financess an d purchased weapons.Qassam and his group the Black Hand used similar methods as Husayni to acquire support in Palestine. He had utmost cardinal beliefs with strong chauvinistic rules. He was killed by the British in 1935 after he killed a Judaic constabulary officer. He is considered # 8220 ; non merely the establishing male parent of the Palestinian Jihad, but besides the innovator of Palestinian armed radical thought, who had laid down the rules of an all-out armed battle against the compulsory governments # 8221 ; . This ill will to Britain grew, but it was non merely the Arabs in the Middle East that were sick of the British and the Europeans, a similar feeling was seen all across Asia. # 8220 ; Early 1927, the Chinese turned the British out of their grant at Hankow ; subsequently in the same twelvemonth, Reza Shah denounced the capitulatory privileges of aliens in Persia. In 1930, Ghandi gave notice that he was withstanding the authorities salt monopoly and led his March to the sea for a symbolic # 8216 ; doing of salt # 8217 ; . In 1931, Japan defied the League of Nations in Manchuria. # 8221 ; The Palestinian rebellions of 1928-1929, which shocked the British, was a consequence of this broad motion in Asia against the Europeans and the comparatively new job of Judaic in-migration in Palestine. This Judaic in-migration to Palestine started when the Zionists were guaranteed to hold Palestine as their # 8220 ; national place # 8221 ; in the Balfour declaration. The effects that Judaic in-migration had on the Arab community was tremendous. Arabs were frightened by the idea of losing their bulk position to the Jews, and being dominated by them politically and economically. The Arabs would make anything to forestall this, even if they have to make it by force. In 1929, the Arab rebellions continued and because of deficient constabulary and military personnels to squelch the rioting ; the public violences get out of control. But at this point the Briti sh merely wanted to maintain the palpebra on it. They had greater concerns with Ghandi in India. Middle East was a secondary issue for the British because it was excessively far from the Russians ( it was really buffered by Turkey and Persia ) to be taken over by and the Gallic laterality in the authorizations were already complete. The British had small to worry approximately, Middle East was safe from being conquered by another power. To maintain the public violences in control and maintain people off the streets, the British reorganized the constabulary and established a lasting fort of two foot battalions. They besides publish their periodic study called # 8220 ; White Papers # 8221 ; . In the White Papers of 1930, the British call attending to the Arab concerns to cut down their choler. There was to be limitations of land gross revenues to Jews in the coming five old ages and restriction on Judaic in-migration. This stopped the rioting for a piece. In 1933, Hitler comes to po wer in Germany. Another of import exterior development that profoundly affected the British Middle Eastern policy was Hitler # 8217 ; s anti-Semitism, which caused a great addition in in-migration of European Jews to Palestine. The persecution of Jews in Nazi Germany and the rough economic state of affairss in Poland and Romania and else where in Europe created a big graduated table in-migration. The United States, Canada, Australia, Britain and other states of the British Empire would non accept more than a drip of Judaic immigrants. The comparative easiness of entry into Palestine, between 1933-36, attracted a batch of Jews. Hitler # 8217 ; s comming to power in 1933 is the start of the British doomed of strength over the Middle East. # 8220 ; The Wilhelmstrasse papers of the Hitler period show that neither he nor the German Foreign Office of all time calculated that to force German Jews into Palestine was to abash and weaken Britain. # 8221 ; The persecution of Jews in Nazi G ermany dramatically increased Judaic in-migration. Over 37000 Hebrews immigrated to Palestine in 1933 and that figure was raised to 45000 by 1934. The Arabs were highly unhappy. Disorder and public violences were on the rise once more. Germany # 8217 ; s expolsion of Jews to sublimate its Reich caused the British to raise their quota from 1932 to 1935 and admitted over 60,000 Hebrews to Palestine. This was a comparatively little figure compared to the figure of Jews that wanted to go forth Germany, but a immense figure in relation to the figure of Arabs in Palestine. It was non long before the Arabs started to arise and raise their voice against Britain and the Jewish community. # 8220 ; Hitler # 8217 ; s anti-Jewish policy struck at the British in the Middle East merely by accident, it struck place because it found out their weakest point. # 8221 ; Hitler used this weak point in Britain and kept forcing on it. Hitler used this chance to non merely clear it # 8217 ; s Reich fro m Jews and increase the tenseness between the Arabs and the British, but besides to hold a common land with the Arabs and acquire them on his side. In fact following the Nazi electoral triumph, on 31st March of 1933, Amin al-Husayni, a deputation of Palestinian Arabs, stated that # 8216 ; The Muslims inside and outside Palestine welcome the new Regime of Germany and hope for the extension of the Fascist, anti-democratic authorities system ( staatsfuhrung ) to other countries. # 8221 ; Hitler tried to act upon the Arabs, giving them loans and holding connexions with them. This Arab-German relationship scared the British. Not merely they might lose the control of the Suez Canal, and finally their connexion with Asia and India, but besides they might lose control of the freshly found merchandise called oil. Oil was found to be an indispensable merchandise needed by all states, and the countries that Britain controled in the Middle East, such as Iraq, were loaded with them. The German control over these oil Fieldss meant a great addition in their already established power. British was merely get downing to acquire concerned about their state of affairs in the Middle East. The British still had no control over the Arab Rebels in Palestine, and was on the brink of losing the connexion with the Arabs to the Germans. But even this was non adequate to do the British take a large spring and seek to mend the struggles in the country. The British were excessively self-assured. They believed that the Arabs would non merchandise their relationship with the British by the Germans, and even if something drastic happens they can command it with their large ground forces and many fleets in the country. The assurance in British power was changed in 1935. Mussolini had a great consequence on the British power in in-between E. The Italian conquering of Ethiopia in 1935-1936, caused a series of jobs for the British strategians and policy shapers in the Middle East. These jobs non merely embarrassed the British high quality, but besides put Britain in a great danger of losing the valuable Suez Canal, and the trueness of the Arabs. Mussolini # 8217 ; s attack on Ethiopia, or Abyssinia as it used to be called so, took British strategians wholly by suprise. Although the British Mediterranean Fleet itself was supremely confident that it could get the better of the Italian Fleet, the authorities # 8217 ; s scheme was to support against Germany and Japan, with no programs for ill will with Italy. Of the three possible enemies, Italy was considered the least menace to the British. In 1935, a confidential British inter-departmental study on involvement in East Africa concluded that there was no of import British involvement in Abyssinia. The study added that British imperium can merely be affected in a context of war with Italy. This train of idea continued through the start of the invasion of Italy. Three yearss aft er the onslaught of Mussolini, Amery told his Birmingham components that â€Å"I am non prepared to direct a individual Birmingham chap to his decease for the interest of Abyssinia† . Even though the British Foreign Secretary, Sir Samuel Hoare, gave a address of support to the League, it is all known to be a bluff to frighten Mussolini. It was non until the Hoare-Laval program of December 1935 that earnestly awakened and worried the Baldwin Government. This program partitioned Ethiopia with nineteenth-century political orientation. Italy was to hold portion of Ethiopia, and the other portion was to be turned into a â€Å"zone of economic enlargement and settlement† . The Baldwin Government, which had won the election on a ticket of support for the League, blanched when it learned what its foreign curate had done. The populace was angered non merely because they were disgusted at the winning of an election by false pretences, but besides the return to secret dialogues an d the sharing of Africa. The British dissatisfied because they had non done the right things, tried to set an terminal to the war with corporate steps. Britain failed, and Mussolini demolished Ethiopia. The Ethiopian war brought forth the fact that corporate security is inefficient, and rearmament of single provinces is necessary. This war caused the first serious rearmament attempt by the British ground forces. The transportation of two Italian divisions to Libya in September 1935 provoked the British, for the first clip, to see the possibility of an onslaught on Egypt by Italy. The Egyptian ground forces of 10,000 was reinforced by 16,500 British soldier, some of which had to travel to Palestine. Recent Italian additions threatened British oil supplies, threatened the safety of imperial communications through the Suez Canal to the E and particularly to India, and besides threatened the British ownerships and associated states in the part and particularly Egypt. The Italian conquering gave rise to the uncertainties in the Middle East as to whether the British retained either the capacity or the finding to support her places in the part. The Italian conquering of Ethiopia, to the ey es of the Arabs and the Egyptian population, was a test of strength between Great Britain and Italy, in which Britain had resulted in being in the worst place. At this clip, Germany was non thought of as a large menace yet. In fact Germany gained a batch from Abyssinian war since it took all the attending of the universe from Europe and gave Hitler the freedom to make what he pleased in Europe. Britain had already lost some of the prestigiousness and power in its name when it was non able to maintain the Italian forces off Abyssinia, but Hitler furthered that lost. On 7th of March 1936, Hitler reoccupied the Rhine land, an action that was against the Treaty of Versaille. But once more, Britain nor France did anything about it. They decided non to come in a war with Germany establishing their logical thinking that it was non deserving it and they were non to the full rearmed to contend Germany and some of the forces that they had were located in Middle East and South Africa. This sho w of failing that Great Britain reveals against the Germans farther diminishes their prestigiousness. The Italian invasion showed the Palestinian Arabs that British power was non firm. The clip had come for the immature coevals, such as the groups # 8216 ; Black Hand # 8217 ; and # 8216 ; The Sacred Holy War # 8217 ; , to seek to acquire their independency from the British. This added to their accumulating letdown in British policy on Judaic in-migration caused the general work stoppages and upsets of 1936. The rioting turned intense on 19 April 1936. There was a general work stoppage of limitless continuance for Arab patriot demands commenced on 21 April. The demands were to halt mass Judaic in-migration, curtail land gross revenues to Jews, and for the constitution of an independent Palestine-Arab province. Sir Arthur Wauchope, who succeeded Sir John Chancellor in 1931 as the High Commissioner of Palestine and Trans-Jordan, rejected a policy of inhibitory action against the Ar ab Higher Committee and its leader the Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin Al Husseini. He feared that even more radical patriot would take their topographic point, and this would wholly destroy the # 8216 ; double duty # 8217 ; it had to both communities. A build up of British ground forces in the part was carried on, but the perturbations raged on unbridled. On July 7th, the High Commissioner warned that there would be farther additions in the forces if necessary, and this meant an addition in land revenue enhancements. Wauchope # 8217 ; s policy was to appeal to the Arab leaders # 8217 ; sense of duty and to avoid rough steps against the rebellion. His patience was criticized aggressively by the Jews, 70 Jews were murdered and several hundred were injured by the Arabs. The inability of Britain to command these Rebels was easy masticating on the British prestigiousness. A powerful state such as Britain, with such mighty force could non halt these little Rebels. The British had their grounds why they could non command these Rebels. The first was the inability of the armed forces to both protect the civil authorities and to reenforce the constabulary, particularly because of the fright that the Arab subdivision of the constabulary was undependable. The 2nd disability was that the enemy was identical from the civilians, which meant limitation on the usage of arms. It was besides really hard to maintain operations secret, and in the same item, dependable information about the enemy was difficult to come by. But to the eyes of the universe, Great Britain had failed to command this country and halt the rioters. On 2 September 1936, the British decided to use a batch more force. Hopes of dialogue through Nuri Said, Foreign Minister of Iraq, had been wholly defeated and left the British no other pick. Palestine Emergency Force, an foot division, was to be added to the force in Palestine, and the bid was transferred to J. G. Dill. On 7 September the authorities announce d that it was fixing to present soldierly jurisprudence. Dill was determined to take control from the Rebels and non merely utilize the force as a inactive defence. He believed that soldierly jurisprudence should be # 8220 ; applied to the state as a whole # 8221 ; . Dill was convinced that the Arab leaders feared soldierly jurisprudence since it would convey in military military personnels. Merely thing that stood in the manner of Dill was the blessing of the High Commissioner. The High Commissioner did non give the Arab Higher Committee an ultimatum, he merely allowed them to complete their work stoppage on their ain will. Dill lamented that # 8220 ; alternatively of British authorization being re-established, the Higher Arab Committee was left really much in control of the Arab portion of Palestine # 8221 ; . On 12 September 1937, Dill was replaced by Lieutenant-General A. P. Wavell as the new GOC. Wavell started a new set of thoughts and actions. Wavell introduced military t ribunals to the country. The tribunals were to carry on probes with the aid of the constabulary, and condemn the topics without any entreaty. This comes up to be another failure by the British. In the six months at that place had been 1000 terrorists Acts of the Apostless, including 55 politically-motivated violent deaths, and 32 attempted blackwashs. On 9 April 1938, Wavell was replaced by Lieutenant-General R. H. Haining. Haining scheme was to supply security for a route constructing plan to better entree to the small towns and accordingly deny bases to the sets. The sets retaliated by undermining transit and communications. By August 1938, rebellions intensified. The Arab force, which consisted on both foreign and Palestinian Arabs, increased in size. They attacked station offices, constabulary Stationss, authorities offices, jurisprudence tribunals and anything else that they believed would do things harder for the British. At the same clip, the demand for a larger figure of Bri tish recruits arose because of the frights that the Arab constabularies could non be trusted in the security force any longer. By this clip, the British were certain that a war in Europe was inevitable. Hitler had forced Austria toward Anschluss, and had united the two German talking states by April of 1938. Germany tightened it # 8217 ; s relationship with the Japaneses. Germany was besides to take over the Sudetenland, in Czechoslovakia, by force. In the Munich Conference, 29 September 1938, no 1 argued the over return of Sudetenland by the Germans. The Gallic who had an confederation with the Czechs backed off, and so did the British and the Russians. It was non long before the Germans took over the whole state of Czechoslovakia. The British could non come in any war with the Germans because they did non hold a good standing ground forces to contend the Germans. They had started rearmemant much later than the Germans, and it was traveling to be a certain lose if they would hold entered a war. This menace of Germany was excessively close to place and the British refused to direct any forces to Middle East when their Island state was in danger. The Arab # 8217 ; s unmanageable rebellion continued and forced the British to drop the quota for Judaic in-migration from 1936 to 1939. This was the period merely before World War II, and the clip that the Judaic immigrants were the most despairing. But since the Arabs were so weary with the Jews, it made them natural Alliess to Germany. Chamberlain had to make something to maintain the Arabs on his side and maintain them satisfied. Between the disintegration of these bootless conferences and the eruption of the 2nd universe war. By Hitler # 8217 ; s business of Prague and Mussolini # 8217 ; s take over of Albania, Neville Chamberlain realized that he had been duped and the British fastened their safety-belts. On 17 May 1939, to maintain operations under control, they issued the following Palestine White Paper. Th is tried to repair the job of Numberss: it fixed an one-year figure of Judaic immigrants for five old ages, after which farther addition was to be dependent upon Arabs. This act done by the British was non looked upon favourably by the British people. It caused humanist people to look hideously inhumane, but Britain had no other pick. Chamberlain had to maintain the Arabs on his side by playing the Numberss game ; take downing the quota for in-migration. The Jews believed that by the 1939 White Paper, the British in consequence said: # 8220 ; It is in your involvement to accept this until better times, for without it, we may both yield to Hitler. # 8221 ; But this was besides the first British effort to follow to both parts of the Balfour Declaration # 8211 ; # 8220 ; the half which gave British approval to a Judaic National place, and the half that said # 8216 ; it being clearly understood that nil shall be done which may prejudice the civil spiritual rights of bing non-Jewish communities in Palestine. # 8217 ; # 8221 ; This manner the British lubricated the manner between the two opposite parties and maintain them both at least someway connected to Britain. This White Paper saved really few Hebrews from the gas Chamberss in Germany, but this was the first mark of British gesture of self-preservation which preceded the existent battle for endurance. These Acts of the Apostless secured the Arab conformity to Great Britain over World War II. Britain was forced to take the side of the Arabs toward the terminal of the 1930 # 8217 ; s. Middle East was thought of as the centre of all Great Britain # 8217 ; s imperium ; it was the Suez Canal that was considered the life line for the British-Indian trade. The British needed to hold full control over this country and to make so they had to hold full relationship with the Arab states in the country. Britain had failed every new method to command the rebelions in Palestine, and had lost a batch of prestigiousne ss due to Mussolini # 8217 ; s attack on Ethiopia in 1935, and the German invasion of Sudentenland, and Prague. It would non hold been long before the German # 8217 ; s got the support of the Arabs. The lone certain thing that Great Britain could make to fulfill the Arabs and maintain them as followings of the British was to command Judaic in-migration to Palestine. This was non thought of as inhumane, but it was the lone thing to make. The control over Middle East and the ultimate existance of Britain was on the line, and it was non to be japordized for the highly little population of Jews. If the White Papers of 1939 was non published, the Arabs might hold gone to the German side, and provided the Germans non merely bases on the Middle East to suppress the British trade to Asia, but besides to provid the Germans with oil. This could hold meant a great licking of the Alliess in World War II. Bibliography: Cohen, Michael J. , and Kolisky, Martin. Britain and the Middle East in the 1930 # 8217 ; s. New York: St. Martin # 8217 ; s Press, 1992. George, W. The Coming of the Italian-Ethiopian War. Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1967. Gibbs, N.H. Grand Strategy, Vol.1: Rearmament Policy. London: HMSO, 1976. Keylor, William R. The Twentieth-Century World: An International History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. Monroe, Elizabeth. Britain # 8217 ; s Moment in the Middle East 1914-1971. Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981. Porath, Yehoshua. The Palestinian Arab National Movement 1929-1939. 2 vols. New Jersey: Frank Cass and Company Limited, 1977. Pratt, R. L. East of Malta, West of Suez: Britain # 8217 ; s Mediterranean Crisis, 1936-1939. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975. 35e

The bird in the bush Essay Example

The bird in the bush Essay No one knew anything about us. We were the kids that stuck together everywhere, played Poke ©moon on our Somebody in the hallway and wore glasses. What are supposedly characteristics of a geek, but Dusk and I couldnt have cared less. Dusk was the best friend any guy could have. He was tall and lanky and had long, curly hair that cascaded like a waterfall to his shoulders. He wasnt what youd call hot, but he had a good attitude and that was all that mattered. He amused me, was brave and boundless, loyal and caring, everything everyone wants in a friend. It was during year 7 that Dusk and I met, we were the dorky guys that TLD have anyone to talk to, so I decided to say hi. Ive never regretted a moment after it. We lived so far from each other however that didnt stop us from accomplishing the fun things. We had sleepovers frequently which contained watching hours of star wars, reading comics and studying. Our nature adapted accordingly to the weather, drinking a nice cold beverage from Struck by the beach during the sweltering summer days and hitting up trivia night at the local bar on rainy days. We will write a custom essay sample on The bird in the bush specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The bird in the bush specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The bird in the bush specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer No one had ever brought so much Joy to my life. Dusk was the person I spent most of my time with and someone I cherished. One night Dusk called me, a regular occurrence as we had no other way of communicating outside of school. He told me how he had tried out for the basketball team and made it. I had never felt so proud and ecstatic for him. This was Dusks first ever real achievement. The day after Dusk couldnt come home with me as he had basketball training. He told me how they took It so seriously and how he could spend limited hours with me o concentrate on the sport. I stared at the wall ahead of me and a million thoughts rushed into my head. I felt like crying and managed to find the strength to say alright. Secretly, I wasnt. The following days I couldnt bear to look Dusk hang out in the cool group which consisted of Richard and a few other dicks. It wasnt me that I was concerned about, it was him. Days went by, followed by weeks. Instead of having Dusk with me during a movie marathon, I watched it alone and ate tubs of ice cream to put away the misery. He was happy and that made me happy. He was happy without me, and the thought of that left me broken to bits. One day, I heard a voice shout Hey you. It was Richard, I turned around to see if he had yelled at someone else but there was no one behind me. I wondered what he comfortable so I walked up and offered him a hand shake, he stared at it and looked up and glared me in the eyes. I have never seen this side of Dusk and it made me scared. Before I knew it, Dusk had me lying on the floor, helpless and winded. Get off I exclaimed. He stood up and called me a dirty little fagged. As I picked myself up and staggered away not taking notice of the bruise on my leg, I turned back and saw the look on his face. He didnt need to say it but I knew he was apologetic, shamed-faced and melted. Soon after, Dusk was the most popular kid in school. He started dating a girl named Macaulay. She was the most beautiful thing I have ever set my eyes upon and if Im not correct, the most beautiful thing anyone has ever set their eyes upon. Id see them kissing in the corridors on the way to class and in the corner of my eye see him touch ere inappropriately. What happened to my innocent friend, the guy I spent hours with, the guy that I shared so many good memories with, the guy that plastered a smile on my face every time, the guy that didnt even have the confidence to speak to a girl. Dusk had changed, I guess it was my time to change and forget about him. I lost someone I admired and appreciated so much. I had no other friends, without him I didnt have the confidence to do most things. Ultimately I decided to face my previous best friend and talk to him in person about y future and how I had spent the most memorable part of my life with him. I knew something wasnt right as soon as I saw his face. He had a peculiar look, dismal and about to burst into tears. I approached him cautiously and sat next to him on his front porch. He didnt seem to notice my arrival but as soon as I spoke he started to shed tears. He told me how he was sorry and missed me. Further down the conversation he told me about how Macaulay had been cheating on him with Richard. I comforted him and he said something to me I will never forget. Informer like the bird in the bush

Africa and Colonialism Essays

Africa and Colonialism Essays Africa and Colonialism Paper Africa and Colonialism Paper When we look at Africa for that past couple of years wee see Genocide in Rwanda and Darfur ,instability in Sierra Leone, lack of a government in Somalia, Civil War in Sudan , land grabbing and AIDS in Zimbabwe, Diamond and Oil wars in Angola, Crime in South Africa. . Not to mention the problems caused by foreign debt, and affected by international ignorance and exploitation. In this paper I will try to you asses the political economic legacy of colonialism in Africa. he legacy is substantially based on the fact that that the Europeans wanted to extract resources from Africans by any means possible, even if that would lead to the instability in and destruction of the content political, economic, and social institutions up to the present time. The most crucial economic legacy that colonialism left on Africa’s economy was the integration of the African economy into the world economic system. n the Conference of Berlin in 1884-85, europians established the rules by which Africa wo uld be involed in the world economy ,these rules forced africa to produce raw materials and agricultural goods to meet the needs of Europes industries and consumers. what resulted is that traditional agricultural economies were forced to specialize in cash crops meant for export. This transformation led to dependence on foreign distribution and consumption. So there system brought all the economic benefit to the Europeans at the expense of their colonies by making them dependent on the europian seystem. Presedent Munro, for example, argues that integration into the international economy was the key factor that exacerbated colonial dependencies; He said â€Å"Being unprepared to compete in the global market, the integration of these new states into the world economy merely deepened their colonial dependency† This impact of colonialism effected both the internal and external causes of underdevelopment in africa today . Internally, the political and economic structures of the colonial state were bult to meet the needs of the europians ,which left africans with no abilitilty to develop after the fall of the british empire empires. And Externally, colonialism created dependencies that african states faced after the fall of formal colonial control, I say formal colonial control because many say that africa now is living in a stage of neo-clonolism since their substanstilly depend till now on many europians countries. So, if we take a step back and take a look at africa we see that all components of modern social and economic life in Africa are a direct or indirect result of colonialsm Its very important to maention that a lot of African countrys economies depend fully on one single export. The integration of the these economies to the world market made these countries fully dependent on the world price of its single export. Abid Rashed in his essay â€Å"The Enduring Impact of Imperialism and Colonialism on Africa â€Å" said â€Å"if the world supply of copper were to double because of new deposits in Brazil or Chile; the boom in Katanga and Zambia would quickly come to an end. Similarly, the prosperity or poverty of Ghanaian farmers depended directly on the price of cocoa on the world market†. And also, many of the African countries produce the same export, escpicially in the agricultural countries in east Africa and West Africa, so colonialsm forced them into an economic system that is based on competition while they don’t have the ability to compete with each other. Africa, as a result of all that, became so weak to the ups and downs of the world market Also, colonialism made African economies end their reliance on local manufacturing in . Most manufactures currnely are controlled by multinational corporations, and a lot of African countries are welcoming these corporations more and more because they want to get a share of the outsourcing that these corporation are involved in, in places like India and China, to manufacture their goods cheaply. The involment of multinational corporations in Africa might bring some money and revive the economy to a certain extent, but it also increases africa’s dependency on these these corporations and their producat. These corporations are creating the era of Europeans neo-colonialism in Africa . to the present day, most African countries get their goods from the europians that colonised thri country in the past and rely on these goods to continue surviving ; which make you think that nothing peobably changed except that the direct control of europians and the physical presence of their people Colonialism made Africa get trapped in a system where they will lose all the time , as long as they cant manufactoer their goods locally without depending on the Europeans. It would be very difficult to get out from the world economy because of there dependence on imports from europians (cars, machines, food) this reliance fro survival was unheard of in pre-colonial Africa. Famines, for example did not exist in pre-colonial Afrca, which gives you a sensed of the huge negative impact that the europians had. ). The importation of cars, machines, food- which was unheard of in pre-colonial Africa is needed for daily survival. There were no famines in Africa prior to colonialism Also, the ways in which the domestic economies of African states are structured is also shows effect of colonialism on Africa For example, colonialism extended commerce and the money economy into the interior of Africa. This process led to the creation a common currency which limited barter exchange â€Å"To trade goods or services without the exchange of money†, which are some of the basic components of pre-colonial African economies. 5- In addition, the commercialization of land, labour and produce o attached money to activities that had been for social use before. In pre-colonial Africa peasants and farmers would produce for there own use and maybe a little to trade for some goods but farming was for subsistence, there was no conception of production for the global market. No one owned the land in pre-colonial Africa; farmers had use rights over the land but could not sell the land One important economic benefit was the provision of infrastructure of roads, railways, harbours and ports, the telegraph and telephone. The basic infrastructure of every modern African state was completed during its colonial period. Politics Pre-colonial Africa had a large number of independent states. Some of these states were large and powerful; others were small land weaken. When the Europeans finished drawing their lines of partition, these states had been condensed into about 50 pieces of territory. This (scramble) that happened at the Berlin conference was drawn without any attention or care or consideration of the ethno cultural, geographical and ecological realities of Africa. Africa had different ethnic groups (tribes) with different historical traditions, cultures and speaking different languages. This destroyed the political development of these social groups; furthermore, ethnic groups were split into fragments in different countries for example the Ewes ere divided by the boundary between Ghana and Togo while akan are found in the ivory coast and in Ghana. The Senufo now live in Mali, the Ivory Coast and in Burkina Faso. This explains the border disputes between Burkina Faso and Mali ect. Nigeria under colonial rule brought more than a hundred ethnic groups into the colonial sphere. This colonial sphere included the theocracies of Northern Nigeria, the Chiefdoms of the Yoruba, Edo, and Itskiri, in the South, and the Ibo and Ibibio, in the East The scramble also led to the uneven sizes of and unequal distribution of natural resources in African states. Some got a lot of benefit like Nigeria with an approximated area of 357,000 square miles, while Gambia with an approximated area of 4000 square miles. Some states have few boarders e. . Gambia with one boarder whiles others had many boarders e. g. Mali with seven boarders. This makes it difficult to check the problems of security and smuggling. All this clearly would lead to many problems. Ethnic problems, economic problems, and corruption â€Å"We must remember that the European agreements that had carved up Africa into states paid little attention to cultural and ethnic boundaries and ethnic groups had little opportun ity or need to form political alliances or accommodations under repressive colonial rule. Think of countries such as Canada, which has been trying for hundreds of years with mixed success to accommodate only two linguistic groups - English and French - and you get an idea of the problems of African states with far greater cultural and linguistic divisions. † Africa certainly has more than 2 languages and more than few ethnic groups Also, to understand the political legacy we need to understand that many European countries like the British did not have any goals of assimilating Africans to thrir culture or giving them citzinship. It was a purely economic plan focused on maintaining stability and getting money and resources out of africa . To do that the brits divided colonies along social, cultural, or ethnic lines and maintained control by playing these groups against each other. With this system , the need for direct government intervention from the British government was less common. This worked well for the British government, in that it was cheaper to put select locals in charge rather than import European bureaucrats. And it also prevented any effective challenges to the colonial power To better understand the affect of that scarmbel on africa Consider the extent to which the Second World War of just 6 years duration has effected the developed world for 2 generations. Africa had 4 centuries of colonialism. When you get that you might be able to imagine how that might have affected the entire social, cultural, political, and economic structure of an undeveloped continent. In some parts of Africa, colonial administration had almost erased cultures and community with an â€Å"education† and â€Å"civilizing† program that gave Africans only a minimal skill set that served European colonial interests. Europeans started customary laws; notice the word customary laws to link it with tradition but it was all a new invention; Europeans started costmary land-rights, customary political structure. Like every Europeans belongs to a nation, every African belong to a tripe, the restructuring of these tribes imposed new political geography, which created social higherarchy which enabled ambitious individuals and groups to achieve positions of status, dominance, and wealth that might otherwise have been unattainable. To counter all that tribalism, some leader started a single party system, but without any decisions or moral check made by shared community (like it used to be in pre-colonial Africa) it turned out to be just another tool of oppression. If we look at African leaders we see that Of the 107 African leaders overthrown between 1960 and 2003 two-thirds were murdered, jailed or slung into exile. Up until 1979 59 African leaders were toppled or assassinated. Only three retired peacefully and not one was voted out of office. No incumbent African leader ever lost an election until 1982.

Germany during WWII Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Germany during WWII - Essay Example World War I was seen as the main driving force behind strengthening of capitalism since it war economy was seen as the best way to "create a German Gemeinschaft in the service of the national welfare" (Feldman 1981: 164). However after suiffering defeat in the war, people became rather skeptic of capoitalsm and a need for reconstruction of induytsrial base arose. The traumatic Versailles Treaty further dampened the hopes for a more liberalized economy in Weimar Germany. According to the main proponents of capitalism, this system can survive where political economic stability is present. However this was not the case in Germany, especially not after the World War I though some relative peace was seen from 1924-1928. Still the conditions for prospering of capitalism were not present since the political structure of Weimar Republic was very fragile at the time. Despite this obvious problem, there was present in Germany, groups that wanted capitalism to exist and supported incorporation of large firms into economic system of the country. Such a step was however against common wisdom but since it was not possible to give up capitalism immediately, Germany continued with the system- much to everyone's surprise. The German Democratic party (DDP) was one such liberal political group. The other problem was the presence of weak Spcialist parties. The Socilaits parties did not have a strong agenda and their principles could be easily altered. Political considerations were thus more powerful than common economic wisdom. Weimar government was not wise in this sense and while it knew that capitalism could hurt the country, it didn't pay heed to the economic forces that govern economic climate. Sturmer best describes the political instability in these words: [T]here were in the Reichstag different kinds of majorities, namely a majority for the conduct of foreign policy, a majority for social policy, and majorities based on agrarian and industrial interests; but these majorities were mostly incompatible with one another. Consequently, with no solid majority in existence in the Reichstag, there was neither consistent government, nor consistent opposition (Strmer 1971: 62). It is important to understand why Weimar Republic still wanted a capitalist economy. It was not for the same reasons that rest of the Europe had adopted it. When economic situation reached an all time low in 1919 and millions of demoralized soldiers returned to Germany after the defeat, it was important to find a quick solution to the problem. Economic conditions may not have been as worse as they were in other countries but workers were still suffering and economy on the whole was fragile. Thus the corporatist system emerged from a desire to restore order and to regain some of the old prestige: "[T]o a disciplined and methodical nation like the Germans, the most obvious means to recoup its losses seemed to lie in improved organization, which should obviate the wastage of production caused by inefficiency or unnecessary competition" (Scheele 1945: 164). Sticking with the old economic system appeared to be the best solution for recouping losses. Throughout the period of 1918 to 1933, Weimar Germany's economic system worked on inflationary policies. Even though some revolutionary socialist ideals were introduced, they were quickly taken over by capitalist greed. For example initially Friedrich Ebert's introduction of the

Melting Pot or Mess Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Melting Pot or Mess - Essay Example To some, it may seem sensible to tighten American borders, to remove those from the country who are here illegally, and to enforce a stricter sense of security throughout the nation. However, there is no realistic way to do this. Immigration foes who realize this have then put forth another, easier barrier against the foreign hordes: proposing legislation to make English the official language of the United States. Mauro Mujica is one of the supporters of the movement to make English the American language. He cited in his research polls that show that, throughout the developed world, over 90% of adults believe that learning English is necessary for children to succeed. Because English is the "language of business, higher education, diplomacy, aviation, the Internet, [and] science"(Mujica 1) among other fields, it is something that every child must learn. Mujica asserts two reasons why such an already pervasive language should be made the official language of the United States. First, governments that provide bilingual services ultimately create linguistic ghettos that immigrants cannot escape. Mujica cites the 2000 census results that showed over 21 million Americans classified as "limited English proficient" - almost 8% of the population (Mujica 2). When children grow up in homes where they are not required to learn English, they struggle receiving a basic elementary education in American schools, and are relegated to the economic opportunities left to those who cannot speak English. Second, the cost of multilingual accommodation is an unfair burden on the rest of society. Mujica cites the billions of dollars spent annually on multilingual education; the fact that 15% of Los Angeles County's election budget goes to multilingual ballots and poll workers; traffic accidents caused by foreign drivers not understanding English instructions and warnings (Mujica 3-4). It would seem that accommodating other languages is not an option that Americans can afford. However, given the fact that immigrants are not going to just up and leave, just like their predecessors from Italy, Germany, Ireland and Poland did not leave in the face of prejudice in the early 1900's, it can be argued that denying speakers of other languages access to government services could be even more costly than accommodating them is. Thomas Ricento agrees with Mujica's assertion that English is the language of success: he asserts that immigrants want to learn English as a supplement to their own languages, not as a replacement. He sees the linguistic enclaves not as ghettos but as nurturing communities providing a link between the old culture and the American one, much like the old neighborhoods in Northeastern cities that used to be separated by varying European backgrounds (Ricento 3). Additionally, while short-term social costs might decline if multilingual services were removed, the longer-term costs would skyrocket. Immigrants would not leave the country but would in stead let health problems worsen, leading to higher medical costs; their children might be forced out of their schools but would then cause problems later on as unemployed, uneducated adults (Ricento 5). Governor William Dempster Hoard of Wisconsin had this to say about the right of children to education in English: "The child

American Airlines Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

American Airlines - Assignment Example This can lead to unethical activities when the senior management and organization can gain significant rewards because of the short-term concentration on stock price (Machan, 2007). The senior management may tolerate organizational conflict of interest, abusing a number of rules of fair conduct or normal decency, gaming the rules of the society, and turning to cronyism as a means of making the most of their self-interest. Senior management troubled with the stock price of the company also concentrates on performance events that are short-term, often earnings. As a result, the senior management holds a commonly emphasizing fascination with short-term performance of stock prices. The senior management can engage in unethical behavior because profits are presumed as the most extensively conventional metric. Senior managers who have the capacity to consistently and correctly forecast the stock prices can gain tremendous profits. This prediction may make the senior management use unfounde d profit assessment. They may view the logical model of analysis as theoretically adequate but sensibly not connected from the anticipated earnings. The senior management may refer to the activities of market players to make a case out of their short-term focus on stock price (Machan, 2007). Encouraged by the view that stakeholders look at the current stock prices to determine value, they may repurchase shares even when they may be overvalued or fairly valued. Question 2 The conduct of American Airline controlling its finances by postponing the maintenance of its aircrafts may be unethical to both the stakeholders and clients. Shareholders are perceived as a unit that endures a kind of danger as a result of investing some kind of capital, financial or human based shares in a company. On the other hand, clients are presumed to be a group that endures some form of risk during their travels. When stakeholders and clients suppose that finances are being manipulated, a company consequent ly decreases worth on the stock market. The credit rating of the company will go down making the issued bonds to decrease in worth (Capozzi, 2001). Consequently, this will have a negative impact on the wealth of bondholders. American Airlines has had recurring issues with regard to maintenance of its aircrafts. The expenditure connected with operating these aircrafts has a negative impact on both stakeholders and clients. American Airlines has an ethical obligation to both stakeholders and clients to ensure that its aircrafts are well maintained. The airline also has an obligation to give correct details on the states of their aircrafts to both stakeholders and clients. When American Airlines postpones the maintenance of its aircrafts thereby influencing earnings, it means the company is not giving the true picture about its financial situation. In addition, the behavior is unethical towards the clients because aircrafts may pose risks that the clients are not aware of. The company also canceled a number of flights due to postponing aircraft maintenance in 2008. The company

Material Failure Analysis

Material Failure Analysis Question 1) There are axles on all vehicles such as cars as the axle supports the wheels parallel to the opposing wheel whilst holding the balance of the body of the car. It also transmits torque from the axle to the wheels to give it power that is efficient in the movement of the car. Other vehicles such as heavy-duty trucks will not have a shaft like the front beam axle therefore it serves only as a suspension and steering component. (Vehicle Axle, 2017) It is likely that the rear wheel axle was failed by fatigue as this is very common. The axle must be able to carry the weight of the vehicle and any cargo that has been loaded. This is usually directed at heavier vehicles such as commercial vehicles that carry around goods. Over time the axle could wear down if excess stress is applied to the axle. This is called a high-cycle fatigue which can be shown by an S-N curve otherwise known as the Wohler curve. August Wohler was a German railway engineer, best remembered for his systematic investigations of metal fatigue. (August Wohler, 2016) As we can see from Figure 1, this is a Wohler curve example for brittle aluminium that shows when you apply stress over the Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS), the life reduces over time and wears out and would break which relates to if stress above the UTS is applied on the rear axle it could also lead to it breaking. When too much stress (more than what the recommended axle capacity) is applied to the vehicle, the axle begins to form small cracks wearing down the structural integrity over time. Stress on the rear axle could also be applied from things such as driving in harsh conditions like bumpy roads or potholes. Another very common reason (especially older vehicles) if the vehicle does not get the proper maintenance that could damage the vehicle over time from parts such as shafts, gears, components of the axle or rusted parts that have not been cared for. (How do you break an axle?, 2017)ÂÂ   These therefore could potentially lead to the axle breaking by fatigue over time. The way we can analyse if the rear axle was broken on impact is by using a method called fractography. Fractography is a method that is used to determine the cause of failure of engineering structures. (Fractography, 2017) For material science, fractography is used to check crack growth behaviour. The method used for this is carried out by using an optical microscopy (figure 2) with angled lighting on the broken axle to find out the degree of cracking and possibly the origins. This process is enough to pinpoint the cause of the cracking and the growth pattern. Common reasons that could cause the material to crack are contaminations, stress concentrations etc. In conclusion many factors can separate if the rear axle breaking was caused by fatigue failure or failure on impact. It could vary for reasons such as if the vehicle had been carrying a heavy load over time for example a commercial vehicle that carries goods that is heavier than the Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) of what the axle can hold. Proven by the Wohler curve over time the life cycle of the axle will wear down and eventually break. For vehicles that do not carry loads that apply excess stress on the rear axle, the reasoning of the axle breaking could be from natural causes from the environment such as speeding over potholes, parts rusting or no proper maintenance on the vehicle could lead to the structural integrity breaking down over time causing it to be in an accident. By using fractography on the broken axle could show leads to why the accident was caused by looking at the cracks and the pattern of the spread to see if it was caused by load or not. Question 2) A pulley is used to lift heavy loads or to change the direction of forces applied. It consists of a wheel with grooves on an axle that can be driven with pulley systems like wire rope, cable, chain etc. These pulleys can operate using applied human force to lift heavy objects. The reason why humans can lift heavy objects with the pulley is because the pulley system such as wire rope transmits the tension force around the pulley allowing humans use no effort because there is no energy loss because of the friction. However for much heavier items that humans cannot lift, machinery is used such as cranes. If the pulley system does not dissipate or store energy, then its mechanical advantage is the number of parts of the rope that act on the load (Pulley Systems, 2017). Wire ropes are usually made from a non-alloy carbon steel with a very low carbon content of 0.4 to 0.95%. (Carbon steel rope, 2017) This allows the rope to have an extremely high strength that can hold large tensile forces and be able to operate sheaves (pulley with a groove) with somewhat small diameters.ÂÂ   If no chemical/mechanical damage, excessive heat or corrosion is involved in the wire rope failing then the rope will fail in the sector which has been exposed to the highest amount of abrasion and fatigue. This means that the likeliest sector that the wire rope failure will occur can be predicted. Wire ropes also vary from different aspects such as the number of outer strands and the size of the core. For example if you had less outer strands, the core would not be able to hold the load however the outer strands will hold it instead. On the other hand, if you had more strands, the core would be bigger therefore it would hold the load however the outer strands become loose over time but that would not make the rope fail. One way the wire rope could have failed is the end of the rope wearing out over time in a Flemish eye and could potentially come apart causing it to fail due to the load exceeding the weight limit of the bond between the Flemish eye and the wire rope. There are many ways that the wire rope can be terminated to prevent and stop this from happening. These include methods such as thimbles, clamps, sockets etc. with termination efficiencies that range from 70-100%. However there are also cons with some termination methods such as thimbles. There is the risk that when the wire rope is terminated, it could bend too tightly especially when the loop is connected to a device that concentrates the load on a relatively small area.(Wire rope bend, 2017) The wire ropes need to have a strong structure requiring it to have been stressed by things such as wear and corrosion. It also needs to be inspected using a magnetic method capable of detecting inner wire breaks. (Wire rope Safety, 2017) A frequent cause for wire rope failure is corrosion. This is due to the use of a little lubrication or lubrication that has not penetrated inside the rope. The rope inspector will not see the wire rope corroding due to lubrication on the outside however the rope would be destroyed internally by corrosion and abrasion and when it goes to lift a heavy weight, it would create a great amount of damage. Another way damage can be caused it called jumping the sheave which is not where the rope does not slip/jump out of the sheave but it fails to get into the sheave of the wheel instead. Steel wire ropes have a high melting point therefore can be used in hot environments such as Ladle cranes (Ladle cranes, 2017) as seen in Figure 4. However if the steel wire ropes stay in the heat for too long, the material anneals therefore making it dangerous. There are multiple ways we can analyse why the wire rope failing one of them being microscopic analysis. The wire rope can be analysed through this method to see the cracks in the steel. It can then be run through a Scanning Electron Microscope (Scanning electron microscope, 2017) done by X-ray analysis and X-ray mapping which can show every forking point of the wire as if the wire was extremely brittle. Pulley systems have been used for a very long time and can be traced back to Mesopotamia in 1500 B.C. (When was the pulley invented?, 2017) so we can see that it is a very useful technique to present day. Therefore I conclude that the reason behind the rope failing is due to fatigue. There are several safety precautions for exceeding the weight limit such as Flemish eye. However there too many fatigue reasons that outweigh the limit of the rope such as the amount/types of stresses and environmental factors that can also be analysed through SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) to see cracks in the wire rope. Question 3) Arc welding is a common method that fuses metals together. The way this is done is by using a welding power supply that could be alternating (AC) or direct (DC) current that creates an electric arc between an electrode and the base material. (Arc welding, 2016) This then melts the base material to its welding point and then the melted metal will create a weld between the metals. The weld will then cool fusing them together (can be seen in figure 7). Arc welders must be trained and equipped with PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) such as visors due to the fact that arc welding produces harmful Ultraviolet radiation and toxic fumes from metals. If they do not take these precautions UV radiation can lead to ocular damage and the toxic fumes can lead to occupational disease. A major defect that arc welding could have is cracks (Figure 8). There are many types of cracks within the weld and it only takes one type to fail a weld inspection. You cannot go over the crack with more welding to cover it up as the weld will not be strong over use especially in relation to the missile leaning on the steel which would not last long and could cause damage therefore the weld needs to be filed/grinded out and done again. Â   One type of cracking is called cold cracking. It is not noticeable at first however over time it will be because hydrogen absorbs into the weld puddle affecting the weld. This could be because of moisture seeping into the electrode before welding. Another type of cracking is called hot cracking and this is noticeable right after welding. The reasoning behind this crack could be poor joint design that would not diffuse the heat. One of the other reasons behind hot cracking could be impurities such as the presence of sulphur in the welding metal which could cause problems such as change the cooling within the weld. Many precautions can be taken to avoid cracks within the arc weld such as checking your welding equipment i.e. test your machine before you generate current to the electrode and keep your welding rod and metals in dry conditions so hydrogen or sulphate does not affect your weld. You should also make sure your plates are clean and grinded well so the arc weld fit without any problems such as the welding joint. Steel has a very low carbon content between 0.05-0.25% which is easy to weld with because it would not harden by heat treatment. Therefore there will be less hardened zones in the heat affected zone because as carbon content increases, welding gets harder because of the quenching action. The microstructure of the weld metal is needed for the alloy of the carbon steel but in carbon, carbon manganese and micro alloyed steel, the weld metal structure is mostly affected by the welding. The structure of Carbon steel is usually affected by things such as the cooling time, plastic strain, composition etc. The Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) is the area of the steel plates that has had microstructure and properties altered by welding (Heat-affected zone, 2016). The speed and temperature of the welding plays a big role as it decides the spread of heat onto the parent material (HAZ diagram figure 9). Different types of processes such as electron beam welding gives off high concentrated limited amounts of heat that results in Heat affected zone. For arc welding in steel, the HAZ is split into three sections being the intercritical, supercritical and subcritical from a metallurgical point of view. Heat affected zones are impossible to see because it makes it hard to manage the bending angle therefore the only way to remove the entire extension of the HAZ is to machine it away (Dealing with HAZ, 2017). Methods to analyse weld testing are utilized to guarantee the quality of the weld after it is finished. For the most part this refers to testing and analysis concentrated on the quality and quality of the weld, yet it may refer to actions to check for the position, intensity of welds. A common method to analyse these welds are image-based such as X-ray using Machine Vision (MV). This method is done by and inspector manually to look at images of the weld and come up with a conclusion of the quality and correctness of the weld. In conclusion, there are many deciding factors such as the microstructure when it comes to its behaviour and properties. We know that the cooling rate and composition of the welding is important in the formation of microstructures in the welding metal. I would recommend welding the steel in controlled situations at described above to prevent cracks. We know the carbon content of the steel increases therefore the weldability decreases and the hardness increases. I believe arc welding in a controlled situation such as dry conditions and testing machinery before use is a low risk of being affected by things such as sulphate and hydrogen. Question 1) Vehicle Axle (2017) in Wikipedia. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axle#Vehicle_axles August Wohler (2016) in Wikipedia. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_W%C3%B6hler File: BrittleAluminium320MPa S-N curve.svg (2016) in Wikipedia. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BrittleAluminium320MPa_S-N_Curve.svg How do you break an axle? (2017) Available at: https://www.reference.com/home-garden/break-axle-7c5da780a7e83eb2 Fractography (2017) in Wikipedia. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractography https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_microscope#/media/File:Optical_microscope_nikon_alphaphot_%2B.jpg Question 2) Pulley Systems (2017) in Wikipedia. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulley#Rope_and_pulley_systems Carbon steel rope (2017) in Wikipedia. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_rope#Construction Wire rope Safety (2017) in Wikipedia. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_rope#Safety Ladle cranes (2017) Available at: http://www.casar.de/Rope-Selection/Ladle-Cranes Scanning electron microscope (2017) in Wikipedia. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope#Materials SEM Scanning (no date) Available at: https://www.mri.psu.edu/materials-characterization-lab/characterization-techniques/scanning-electron-microscopy-sem When was the pulley invented? (2017) Available at: https://www.reference.com/history/pulley-invented-8dcaf2574d30b8ea Wire rope bend (2017) in Wikipedia. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_rope Question 3) Arc welding (2016) in Wikipedia. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_welding Welding diagram (2003) Available at: http://www.globalspec.com/reference/80954/203279/chapter-6-metal-arc-welding-with-coated-electrodes Arc Welding Cracks (2016) in Wikipedia. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welding_defect#/media/File:Welding_cracks.svg Heat-affected zone (2016) in Wikipedia. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat-affected_zone Dealing with HAZ (2017) Available at: http://www.thefabricator.com/article/shopmanagement/all-you-need-to-know-about-the-heat-affected-zone

Physics of Firearms Essay -- physics gun guns firearm ballistics

Shooting is a popular activity and it is enjoyed by many people, so much so that it is also done at a competitive level. Although many people may have shot a firearm of some sort, few of those people actually realize how much physics is involved with the shot. So what exactly is Ballistics? Ballistics is the science or study of the motion of projectiles and in the case of most firearms, these projectiles are the bullets. There are two things that affect the flight of a bullet once it has been shot out of the gun. These things are the drag of air on the bullet and the force of gravity acting upon the bullet. The force of gravity acting upon the bullet is always in a constant direction, which is down, at a rate of 9.81m/s^2. However, the force of air drag on the bullet is not always in a constant direction. This is because the trajectory of the bullet changes, so the direction of air drag on the bullet also changes. So what is it that determines the trajectory of the bullet once it has left the barrel? Aside from gravity, it is the weight, shape, and velocity of the bullet...